Suplementação de novilhos Nelore sob pastejo, no período de transição águas-seca / Supplementation of Nelore steers under grazing during the rainy/dry transition period

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação proteica sobre o consumo e o desempenho de novilhos recriados em pastagens de capim-piatã (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã), durante o período de transição águas-seca. Utilizaram-se 20 novilhos Nelore, com peso médio inicial de 260kg, distribuídos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os suplementos foram: sal mineral com ureia (controle) - ofertado ad libitum; sal proteinado - ofertado a 0,2% do peso vivo; suplemento proteico-energético - ofertado a 0,3% do peso vivo; e suplemento proteico-energético - ofertado a 0,5% do peso vivo. A suplementação teve efeito aditivo sobre o consumo de matéria seca total. O consumo médio diário dos suplementos foi de 0,167; 0,597; 0,865 e 1,469kg/animal, sendo observado ganho médio diário de 0,686; 0,761; 0,719 e 0,850kg/animal para os tratamentos controle e suplementados com 0,2; 0,3 e 0,5% do peso vivo, respectivamente. Verificou-se que as estratégias de suplementação avaliadas foram economicamente viáveis e proporcionaram desempenho semelhante sob condições de elevada oferta de forragem, sendo recomendado iniciar a suplementação proteica no período de transição águas-seca.

The effects of proteic supplementation on performance and forage dry matter intake of steers grazing on Brachiaria grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã) during the rainy/dry transition period were evaluated. Twenty Nelore steers with an average body weight (BW) of 260kg, were assigned in a split plot design. The treatments were: mineral salt plus urea offered ad libitum (control); proteic supplement offered at 0.2% BW, proteic-energetic supplement offered at 0.3% BW and proteic-energetic supplement offered at 0.5% BW. The supplementation increased total dry matter intake. The average intake of supplements was 0.167; 0.597; 0.865 and 1.469kg/animal/day and the average daily gain (ADG) was 0.686; 0.761; 0.719 and 0.850kg/animal/day, for control, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5% BW, respectively. It was verified that all strategies of supplementation are economically viable and similar in performance, under high herbage availability conditions. It is suggested that proteic supplementation begin during the rainy/dry transition period, for better animal performance and economic results.

Uso do óxido crômico e do LIPE® na estimativa do consumo de matéria seca por bezerros de corte / Use of chromic oxide and LIPE® as external markers to estimate dry matter intake by beef calves

Avaliou-se a eficiência do óxido crômico e da lignina purificada e enriquecida (LIPE®), fornecidos uma vez ao dia, para a estimativa do consumo de matéria seca (CMS). Foram utilizados 12 bezerros de corte, de ambos os sexos, com uma média de idade de 210 dias e peso médio de 168kg, pastejando Brachiaria decumbens, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os valores estimados de consumo, entre machos e fêmeas, foram semelhantes nos dois tratamentos. Entre os indicadores, as estimativas, da produção fecal e do consumo, foram menores para o óxido crômico. O CMS de forragem, o CMS total, o CMS em relação ao peso vivo e o CMS em relação ao peso metabólico, estimados pelos indicadores óxido crômico e LIPE®, foram, respectivamente, 2,03 e 4,50kg; 2,71 e 5,18kg; 1,62 e 3,10 por cento e 58,10 e 111,32g/kg PV0,75. O consumo estimado pelo LIPE® foi mais condizente com as exigências e com o desempenho observado nos animais.

Six male and six female calves, seven-month-old, averaging 168kg bw, grazing on Brachiaria decumbens, were used in a split plot design to compare the efficacy of two external markers: chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and purified and enriched lignin (LIPE®) simultaneously dosed once a day to predict dry matter intake (DMI). For both, Cr2O3 and LIPE®, no differences in DMI according to gender were observed. Comparing the efficacy of the two markers to predict fecal output and pasture intake, the estimates obtained with chromic oxide were lower. Forage DMI, total DMI, DMI as percentage of body weight, and DMI in relation to metabolic weight were: 2.03 and 4.50kg; 2.71 and 5.18kg; 1.62 and 3.10 percent, and 58.10 and 111.32g/kg bw0.75 for Cr2O3 and LIPE®, respectively. These results suggest that estimates obtained from LIPE® were more appropriate to the dry matter requirements and performance of the calves.

Morphological aspect of the midgut of anopheles aquasalis (Curry, 1932) Insecta: Diptera / Aspecto morfológico del intestino medio de anopheles aquasalis (Curry, 1932) Insecta: Diptera

The midgut of adult female Anopheles aquasalis presents a narrow anterior or thoracic region and a distensible posterior or abdominal region constituted by the epithelium formed by a cell layer whose apical portion presents microvilli and the basal portion, a basal labyrinth. The thoracic region revealed heterogeneous cellular staining affinity mainly by the presence of acidic components. The ultrastructural aspect showed columnar cells with the presence of the vesicle, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and secreting cells. The abdominal region of the midgut revealed an irregular epithelium whose cells presented a basophilic cytoplasm and acidophil granules. It was also found secreting and/or basal cells with narrow cytoplasm. The ultrastructural observation of this region demonstrated cells with evident nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Larger vesicles and small granules were found distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The basal lamina that supports the epithelium presented a generally irregular aspect and the muscle fibers have longitudinal and circular organization and were found separating the epithelium from the haemocel. This study will contribute to analyses on the vector mosquito-parasite interaction mechanism in this specimen.

La seccion media del intestino de la hembra de Anopheles aquasalis presenta una estrecha region anterior o toráxica y una region posterior o abdominal constituida por el epitelio formado por una camada de células cuya porcion apical presenta microvilosidades y la porcion basal presenta un laberinto basal. La region toráxica reveló afinidad de tintura celular principalmente para componentes acídicos. El aspecto ultra estructural mostró células columnares con la presencia de la vesícula, mitocondrias, retículo endoplasmático y células secretoras. La region abdominal del intestino medio reveló un epitelio irregular con células con citoplasma basófilo y granulos acidófilos. También se encontraron células secretoras y/o básales con citoplasma estrecho. La observacion ultra estructural de la region mostró células con núcleos, retículo endoplasmático y mitocondrias evidentes. Vesículas largas y granulos pequeños fueron encontrados distribuidos por todo el citoplasma. La lámina basal que apoya el epitelio presentó un aspecto irregular y las fibras musculares tienen organizacion longitudinal y circular y separan el epitelio del hemocele. Este estudio contribuirá al análisis del mecanismo de interaccion entre el mosquito y el parásito en este espécimen.

Isolation of a fragment homologous to the rp49 constitutive gene of Drosophila in the Neotropical malaria vector Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae)

The constitutive ribosomal gene rp49 is frequently used as an endogenous control in Drosophila gene expression experiments. Using the degenerate primer PCR technique we have cloned a fragment homologous to this gene in Anopheles aquasalis Curry, a Neotropical vector of malaria. In addition, based on this first sequence, a new primer was designed, which allowed the isolation of fragments of rp49 in two other species, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, suggesting that it could be used to clone fragments of this gene in a number of other mosquito species. Primers were also designed to specifically amplify rp49 cDNA fragments in An. aquasalis and Ae. aegypti, showing that rp49 could be used as a good constitutive control in gene expression studies of these and other vectorially important mosquito species.

Vector incrimination and effects of antimalarial drugs on malaria transmission and control in the Amazon Basin of Brazil

World ecosystems differ significantly and a multidisciplinary malaria control approach must be adjusted to meet these requirements. These include a comprehensive understanding of the malaria vectors, their behavior, seasonal distribution and abundance, susceptibility to insecticides (physiological and behavioral), methods to reduce the numbers of human gametocyte carriers through effective health care systems and antimalarial drug treatment, urban malaria transmission versus rural or forest malaria transmission, and the impact of vaccine development. Many malaria vectors are members of species complexes and individual relationship to malaria transmission, seasonal distribution, bitting behavior, etc. is poorly understood. Additionaly, malaria patients are not examined for circulating gametocytes and both falciparum and vivax malaria patients may be highly infective to mosquitoes after treatment with currently used antimalarial drugs. Studies on the physiological and behavioral effects of DDT and other insecticides are inconclusive and need to be evalusted